Urología en pocas palabras: Un enfoque práctico para el médico general

CAPÍTUO 1. SEMIOLOGÍA UROLÓGICA:

Abrams P., Cardozo L., Fall M., Griffiths D., Rosier P., Ulmstein U. et al. (2002), The Standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardization of the sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 21:167-178. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10052

Ackerman J. Semiología urológica. Cali, Universidad del Valle.

Artuz MA. (1995), Semiología ginecológica y obstétrica. Cali. Universidad del Valle, p. 148.

Cediel R. (2008), Semiología médica. Sexta edición. Cali. Celsus, p. 676.McAninch J. (2005), "Síntomas de los padecimientos del aparato genitourinario", en: Urología general de Smith. México. Editorial El Manual Moderno, pp. 26-34.

Messelink B., Benson T., Berghmans B., Bo K., Corcos J., Fowler C. et al. (2005), Standardisation of terminology of pelvic floor muscle function and dysfunction: report from the pelvic floor clinical assessment group of the International Continence Society. Neurourology and urodynamics, 24:374-380. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20144

Rey J., Barros J., Ojea A. (2007), "Historia clínica: Anamnesis y exploración física", en: Castiñeiras J., Libro del residente de Urología. Primera edición. Madrid. Gráficas Marte, pp. 27-39.

Suros A, Surós J. (2001), Semiología médica y técnica exploratoria. 8a. edición. Elsevier, p. 1184.

CAPÍTULO 2. TÉCNICAS BÁSICAS DE CATETERISMO URETRAL

Aguirre Benites F., Suárez A., Pamplona M., Rodríguez A., De la Rosa Kerhmann F., González Romojaro V. (2002), Técnicas de cateterización vesical tras la resección transuretral de próstata. Actas Urol Esp. 26 (3):224-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0210-4806(02)72762-9

Bakke A, Vollset SE (1993), Risk factors for bacteriuria and clinical urinary tract infection in patients treated with clean intermittent catheterization. J Urol. 149:527-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)36136-0

Cánovas Ivorra JA., Tramoyeres A., Navalón Verdejo P., Pérez Albacete M., López Alcina E. y Zaragoza J. (2005), Evolución del conocimiento en patología uretral en Valencia desde finales del siglo xix hasta mediados del siglo xx. Análisis documental histórico. Arch. Esp. Urol. 58 (9):853-858. https://doi.org/10.4321/S0004-06142005000900002

Cravens DD, Zweig S. (2000), Urinary catheter management. Am Fam Physician; 61:369-376.

Daneshmand S, Youssefzadeh D, Skinner EC. (2002), Review of techniques to remove a Foley catheter when the balloon does not deflate. Urology; 59:127-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01483-2

Pomfret IJ. (1996), Catheters: design, selection and management. Br J Nurs; 5(4):245-251. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.1996.5.4.245

Rupp ME, Fitzgerald T, Marion N. et al. (2004), Effect of silver-coated urinary catheters: efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and antimicrobial resistance. Am J Infect Control; 32:445-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2004.05.002

Tanabe P, Steinmann R, Anderson J, Johnson D, Metcalf S, Ring-Hurn E. (2004), Factors affecting pain scores during female urethral catheterization. Acad Emerg Med; 11:699-702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb02418.x

Warren JW. (1992), Catheter-associated bacteriuria. Clin Geriatr Med; 8:805-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0690(18)30446-4

Warren JW. (1997), Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am; 11:609-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70376-7

CAPÍTULO 3. PROSTATITIS:

Alexander RB, and Trissel D. (1996), Chronic prostatitis: Results of an Inter-net survey. Urology; 48:568-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00234-8

Alexander RB, Propert KJ, Schaeffer AJ, et al. (2004), Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network: Ciprofloxacin or Tamsulosin in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A randomized, doubleblind trial. Ann Intern Med; 141:581-589. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-8-200410190-00005

Anderson RU. (1999), "Treatment of prostatodynia (pelvic floor myalgia or chronic non-inflammatory pelvic pain syndrome)", in: Nickel JC. (ed.) Textbook of Prostatitis, Oxford, UK: ISIS Medical Media; 357-364.

Barbalias GA, Nikiforidis G, Liatsikos EN. (1998), Alpha-blockers for the treatment of chronic prostatitis in combination with antibiotics. J Urol; 159:883-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63761-3

Barghorn JH, Funke G, Sulser T. (2001), Noninflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Immunological study in blood, ejaculate and prostate tissue. Eur Urol; 39:72-78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000052415

Batstone RD, Lynch J, Doble A. (2005), A randomized-placebo controlled pi-lot study of tamsulosin, naproxen, and combination in category IIIa/IIIb chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol; 173:S30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)34374-X

Bundrick W, Heron SP, Ray P. (2003), Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: A randomized double-blind multicenter study. Urology; 62:537-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(03)00565-X

Cheah PY, Liong ML, Yuen KH. (2003), Terazosin therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A randomized, placebo controlled trial. J Urol; 169:592-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)63960-2

Curtis Nickel J. (2007), "Chapter 9 - Inflammatory Conditions of the Male Genitourinary Tract: Prostatitis and Related Conditions, Orchitis, and Epididymitis", in: Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia. Elsevier.

De Rose AF, Gallo F, Giglio M, Carmignani G. (2004), Role of mepartricin in category III chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A randomized prospective placebo-controlled trial. Urology; 63:13-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2003.08.006

Jang TL, Schaeffer AJ (2003), The role of cytokine in prostatitis. World J Urol; 21:95-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-003-0335-2

Kaplan SA, Volpe MA, Te AE. (2004), A prospective, 1 year trial using saw palmetto versus finasteride in the treatment of category III prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol; 17:244-248. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000101487.83730.80

Krieger JN, Nyberg LJ, Nickel JC (1999), NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA; 282:236-237. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.3.236

Krieger JN, Ross SO, Riley DE. (2002), Chronic prostatitis: Epidemiology and role of infection. Urology; 60(6 Suppl):8-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02294-X

Nickel JC. (2004), The three as of chronic prostatitis therapy: Antibiotics, alphablockers and anti-inflammatories: What is the evidence? BJU Int; 94:1230-1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.05148.x

Shoskes DA, Hakim L, Ghoniem G, Jackson CL (2003), Long-term results of multimodal therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol; 169:1406-1410. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000055549.95490.3c

Shoskes D. (2008), Chronic prostatitis/Chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Totowa. Humana press, 281. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-472-8

CAPÍTULO 4. ESCROTO AGUDO:

Arribas JM, Pérez-Lanzac de Lorca A, Castiñeiras J. (2007), "Síndrome de escroto agudo", en: Castiñeiras J. Libro del residente de Urología. Primera edición. Madrid. Gráficas Marte, pp. 163-173.

Baker LA, Sigman D, Matthews RI. (2000), Analysis of clinical outcomes using color Doppler testicular ultrasound for testicular torsion. Pediatrics; 105:604-607. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.3.604

CDC. (2006), Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR; 55: 1-94.

CDC. (2007), Update to CDC's Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2006. MMWR; 56(14): 332-336.

Curtis Nickel J. (2007), "Chapter 9 - Inflammatory Conditions of the Male Genitourinary Tract: Prostatitis and Related Conditions, Orchitis, and Epididymitis", in: Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia. Elsevier.

Eaton SH, Cendron MA, Estrada CR. (2005), Intermittent testicular torsion: Diagnostic features and management outcomes. J Urol; 174:1532-1535. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000177726.84913.cc

Merlini E, Rotundi F, Seymandi PL, Canning DA. (1998), Acute epididymitis and urinary tract anomalies in children. Scand J Urol Nephrol; 32:273-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/003655998750015449

Mernagh JR, Caco C, De Maria J. (2004), Testicular torsion revisited. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol; 33:60-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpradiol.2003.11.004

Schneck F., Bellinger M. (2007), "Chapter 127 - Abnormalities of the Testes and Scrotum and their Surgical Management", in: Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia. Elsevier.

CAPÍTULO 5. PATOLOGÍA ESCROTAL (VARICOCELE, HIDROCELE, ESPERMATOCELE):

Aragona F, Ragazzi R, Pozzan GB, De Caro R, Munari PF, Milani C, et al. (1994), Correlation of testicular volume, histology and LHRH test in adolescents with idiopathic varicocele. Eur Urol; 26:61-66. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475344

Barthold JS, Kass EJ. (2002), "Abnormalities of the penis and scrotum", in: Belman AB, King LR, Kramer SA. (eds.) Clinical pediatric urology. 4th ed. London: Martin Dunitz, pp. 1093-1124.

Evers JL, Collins JA. (2003), Assessment of efficacy of varicocele repair for male subfertility: a systematic review. Lancet; 361(9372):1849-1852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13503-9

Gentile DP, Rabinowitz R, Hulbert WC. (1998), Abdominoscrotal hydrocele in infancy. Urology; 51(Suppl):20-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(98)00085-5

Ficarra V, Cerruto MA, Liguori G, Mazzoni G, Minucci S, Tracia A, Gentile V. (2006), Treatment of varicocele in subfertile men: The Cochrane review - a contrary opinion. Eur Urol; 49(2):258-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2005.11.023

Hopps CV, Lemer ML, Schlegel PN, Goldstein M. (2003), Intraoperative varicocele anatomy: a microscopic study of the inguinal versus subinguinal approach. J Urol; 170:2366-2370. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000097400.67715.f8

Kapur P, Caty MG, Glick PL (1998), Pediatric hernias and hydroceles. Pediatric Clin North Am; 45:773-789. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70044-4

Kocvara R, Dolezal J, Hampl R, Povysil C, Dvoracek J, Hill M, Dite Z, Stanek Z, Novak K. (2003), Division of lymphatic vessels at varicocelectomy leads to testicular oedema and decline in testicular function according to the LH-RH analogue stimulation test. Eur Urol; 43:430-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0302-2838(03)00051-4

Kocvara R, Dvoracek J, Sedlacek J, Dite Z, Novak K. (2005), Lymphatic-sparing laparoscopic varicocelectomy. A microsurgical repair. J Urol; 173:1751-1754. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000154357.72837.43

Kogan SJ. (2001), "The pediatric varicocele", in: Gearhart JP, Rink RC, Mouriquand PDE, (eds.) Pediatric urology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp. 763-773.

Minevich E, Wacksman J, Lewis AG, Sheldon CA. (1998), Inguinal micro-surgical varicocelectomy in the adolescent: technique and preliminary results. J Urol; 159:1022-1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63827-8

Riccabona M, Oswald J, Koen M, Lusuardi L, Radmayr C, Bartsch G. (2003), Optimizing the operative treatment of boys with varicocele: sequential compari-son of 4 techniques. J Urol; 169:666-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)63988-2

Paduch DA, Niedzielski J. (1997), Repair versus observation in adolescent varicocele: a prospective study. J Urol; 158:1128-1132.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64403-3

Pfeiffer D, Berger J, Schoop C, Tauber R. (2006), A Doppler-based study on the prevalence of varicocele in German children and adolescents. Andrologia; 38(1):13-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2006.00680.x

Rubenstein RA, Dogra VS, Seftel AD, Resnick MI. Benign intrascrotal lesions. J Urol 2004; 171(5):1765-1772. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000123083.98845.88

Sandlow J., Winfield H., Goldstein M. (2007), "Chapter 34 - Surgery of the Scrotum and Seminal Vesicles", in: Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia. Elsevier.

Schneck FX, Bellinger MF. (2007), "Chapter 127 - Abnormalities of the testes and scrotum and their surgical management", in: Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia. Elsevier.

Stringer MD, (2001), Godbole PP. "Patent processus vaginalis", in: Gearhart JP, Rink RC, Mouriquand PD. (eds.) Pediatric urology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp. 755-762.

Tasci AI, Resim S, Caskurlu T, Dincel C, Bayrakter Z, Gurbuz G. (2001), Color Doppler ultrasonography and spectral analysis of venous flow in diagnosis of varicocele. Eur Urol; 39:316-321. https://doi.org/10.1159/000052460

Tekgül S., Riedmiller H., Beurton D., Gerharz E., Hoebeke P., Kocvara R. et al. (2006), Guidelines on paediatric urology. European Association of Urology (EAU).

Weedin JW, Khera M, Lipshultz LI. (2010), Varicocele repair in patients with non obstructive azoospermia: A Metaanalisis. J Urol; 183: 2309-2315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.02.012

World Health Organization (1992), The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics. Fertil Steril; 57:1289-1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55089-4

CAPÍTULO 6. HEMATURIA EN URGENCIAS Y EN EL CONSULTORIO:

Cohen R., Brown R. (2003), Microscopic hematuria. N Engl J Med; 348:2330-2338. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp012694

Donate MJ., Salinas AS., Virseda J. (2007), "Hematuria", en: Castiñeiras J. Libro del residente de Urología. Primera edición. Madrid. Gráficas Marte. Pp. 111-119.

Fielding JR, Silverman SG, Samuel S, Zou KH, Loughlin KR. (1998), Unenhanced helical CT of ureteral stones: a replacement for excretory urography in planning treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol; 171:1051-1053. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.171.4.9762995

Grossfeld GD, Carroll PR. (1998), Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Urol Clin North Am; 25:661-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-0143(05)70055-0

Grossfeld GD, Wolf JS Jr, Litwin MS, Hricak H, Shuler CL, Agerter DC et al. (2001), Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: summary of the AUA best practice policy recommendations. Am Fam Physician; 63: 1145-1154.

Grossfeld GD, Wolf JS, Litwin MS, Hricak H, Shuler CL, Agerter DC, Carroll P. (2001), Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy recommendations. Part I: definition, detection, prevalence, and etiology. Urology; 57(4): 599-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)00919-0

Jamis-Dow CA, Choyke PL, Jennings SB, Linehan WM, Thakore KN, Walther MM. (1996), Small (< or = 3-cm) renal masses: detection with CT versus US and pathologic correlation. Radiology; 198:785-788. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.198.3.8628872

Masahito J. (2010), Evaluation and Management of Hematuria. Prim Care Clin Office Pract; 37:461-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2010.04.006

Sánchez-Martín FM. (2005), Hematuria. Una visión integral. Segunda edición. Madrid. Ed. Nolano. 205 p.Sourtzis S, Thibeau JF, Damry N, Raslan A, Vandendris M, Bellemans M. (1999), Radiologic investigation of renal colic: unenhanced helical CT compared with excretory urography. AJR Am J Roentgenol; 172:1491-4. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.172.6.10350278

CAPÍTUO 7. HIPERPLASIA PROSTÁTICA BENIGNA (HPB):

AUA Practice Guidelines Committee. AUA guideline on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations. J Urol 2003; 170:530-547. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000078083.38675.79

Barkin J, Guimaraes M, Jacobi G, Pushkar D, Taylor S, van Vierssen Trip OB. Alpha-blocker therapy can be withdrawn in the majority of men following initial combination therapy with the dual 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride. Eur Urol 2003; 44(4):461-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0302-2838(03)00367-1

Bautista OM, Kusek JW, Nyberg LM. Study design of the Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms (MTOPS) trial. Control Clin Trials 2003; 24:224-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-2456(02)00263-5

Chung W, Nehra A, Jacobsen SJ. Epidemiologic evidence evaluating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and sexual dysfunction in the Olmsted County Study of Urinary Tract Symptoms and Health Status Among Men. J Urol 2003; 169:323A.

Carson III C, Rittmaster R. The role of dihydrotestosterone in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2003; 61(4 Suppl 1):2-7.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(03)00045-1

Chatterjee B. The role of the androgen receptor in the development of prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 253:89-101.

De Reijke TM, Klarsov P. Comparative efficacy of two alpha adrenoceptor antagonists, doxazosin and alfuzosin, in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic enlargement. BJU Int 2004; 93:757-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2003.04720.x

Djavan B, Fong YK, Harik M. Longitudinal study of men with mild symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction treated with watchful waiting for four years. Urology 2004; 64:1144-1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.08.049

Debruyne F, Barkin , Van Erps P. Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with the dual 5 alphareductase inhibitor dutasteride in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol 2004; 46:488-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2004.05.008

Gupta A, Aragaki C, Gotoh M. Relationship between prostate specific antigen and indexes of prostate volume in Japanese men. J Urol 2005; 173:503-506. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000148907.92910.4d

Hedelin H, Johansson N, Stroberg P. Relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms and correlation between prostate volume and serum prostate-specific antigen in clinical routine. Scand J Urol 2005; 39:154-159.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00365590510007685

Kirby RS, O'Leary MP, Carson C. Efficacy of extended-release doxazosin and doxazosin standard in patients with concomitant benign prostatic hyperplasia and sexual dysfunction. BJU Int 2005; 95:103-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.05252.x

Kirby RS, Roerhborn C, Boyle P. Efficacy and tolerability of doxazosin and finasteride, alone or in combination, in treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: The Prospective European Doxazosin and Combination Therapy (PREDICT) trial. Urology 2003; 61:119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02114-3

Kirby RS. A randomized, double-blind crossover study of tamsulosin and controlled-release doxazosin in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 2003; 91:41-44. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.03077.x

McConnell J, Roehrborn C, Bautista OM. The long-term effects of doxazosin, finasteride and the combination on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2385-2396. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030656

Roehrborn C, Malice M, Cook TJ, Girman CJ. Clinical predictors of spontaneous acute urinary retention in men with LUTS and clinical BPH: A comprehensive analysis of the pooled placebo groups of several large clinical trials. Urology 2001; 58:210-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01155-4

Roehrborn CG, Boyle P, Nickel JC. Efficacy and safety of a dual inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase types 1 and 2 (dutasteride) in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2002; 60:434-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01905-2

Roehrborn CG, Boyle P, Nickel JC. Efficacy and safety of a dual inhibitor of 5 alpha reductase types 1 and 2 (dutasteride) in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2002; 60:434-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01905-2

Roehrborn CG, Marks LS, Fenter T. Efficacy and safety of dutasteride in the four-year treatment of men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2004; 63:709-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.01.001

Roehrborn CG, Malice M-P, Cook TJ, Girman CJ. Clinical predictors of spontaneous acute urinary retention in men with LUTS and clinical BPH a comprehensive analysis of the pooled placebo groups of several large studies. Urology 2001; 58:210-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01155-4

Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Nelson D. Tamsulosin for treating lower urinary tract symptoms compatible with benign prostatic obstruction: A systematic review of efficacy and adverse effects. J Urol 2002; 167:177-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65407-9

CAPÍTULO 8. LITIASIS URINARIA:

Abdel-Meguid TA, Tayib A, Al-Sayyad A. (2010), Tamsulosin to treat uncomplicated distal ureteral calculi: a double blind randomized placebocontrolled trial. Can J Urol; 17(3):5178-5183.

Al-Ansari A, Al-Naimi A, Alobaidy A, Assadiq K, Azmi MD, Shokeir AA. (2010), Efficacy of tamsulosin in the management of lower ureteral stones: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of 100 patients. Urology. Jan; 75(1):4-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2009.09.073

Esquena S, Millán Rodríguez F, Sánchez-Martín FM, Rousaud Baron F, Marchant F, Villavicencio Mavrich H. (2006), Renal colic: revision of literature and scientific evidence. Actas Urol Esp. Mar; 30(3):268-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0210-4806(06)73439-8

Miller N., Evan A., Lingeman JE. (2007), Pathogenesis of Renal Calculi. Urological Clinics of North America; 34:295-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2007.05.007

Parsons JK, Hergan LA, Sakamoto K, Lakin C. (2007), Efficacy of alphablockers for the treatment of ureteral stones. J Urol; 177(3):983-987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2006.10.023

Pearle M., Lotan Y. (2007), "Chapter 42 - Urinary Lithiasis: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis", in: Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters. Cam-pbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia. Elsevier.

Pietrow P., Preminger G. (2007), "Chapter 43 - Evaluation and Medical Management of Urinary Lithiasis", in: Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia. Elsevier.

Preminger GM, Tiselius H-G (2007), 2007 Guideline for the Management of Uretheral Calculi. European Association of Urology and American Urological Association. pp. 1610-1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2007.09.039

Vicens Vicens A., Ruiz Plazas X, Burgués Gasión JP., Ozonas Moragues M. (2007), "Litiasis urinaria: clínica y diagnostico", en: Castiñeiras J. Libro del residente de Urología. Primera edición. Madrid. Gráficas Marte. pp. 27-39.

Schuler TD, Shahani R, Honey RJ, Pace KT. (2009), Medical expulsive therapy as an adjunct to improve shockwave lithotripsy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endourol; 23(3):387-393. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2008.0216

Schade GR., Faerber GJ. (2010), Urinary Tract Stones. Primary Care Clinics; 37:565-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2010.05.003

Travaglini F, Bartoletti R, Gacci M, Rizzo M. (2004), Pathophysiology of renoureteral colic. Urol Int; 72 Suppl 1:20-23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000076586

CAPÍTULO 9. INFECCIÓN DEL TRACTO URINARIO:

Bent S., Nallamothu B., Simel D., Fihn S., Saint S. (2002), Does this woman have an acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection? JAMA; 287(20): 2701-2710. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.20.2701

Campuzano G, Arbeláez M. (2007), El uroanálisis: un gran aliado del médico. Urol. colomb; 16:67-92.

Carson C, Naber KG. (2004), Role of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of serious bacterial urinary tract infections. Drugs; 64(12):1359-1373. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200464120-00007

Ferry SA, Holm SE, Stenlund H, Lundholm R, Monsen TJ. (2004), The natural course of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women illustrated by a randomized placebo controlled study. Scand J Infect Dis; 36(4):296-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365540410019642

Grabe M, Bishop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, Botto H, Çek M, Lobel B. et al. (2009), Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology.

Goettsch WG, Janknegt R, Herings RM. (2004), Increased treatment failure after 3-days' courses of nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim for urinary tract infections in women: a population-based retrospective cohort study using the PHAR-MO database. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 58(2):184-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02106.x

Hamm M, Wawroschek F, Weckermann D, Knopfle E, Hackel T, Hauser H, et al. (2001), Unenhanced helical computed tomography in the evaluation of acute flank pain. Eur Urol; 39(4):460-465. https://doi.org/10.1159/000052486

Hooton TM. (2003), Fluoroquinolones and resistance in the treatment of un-complicated urinary tract infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents; 22 Suppl 2:65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00238-3

Hooton TM, Winter C, Tiu F, Stamm WE. (1995), Randomized comparative trial and cost analysis of 3-day antimicrobial regimens for treatment of acute cystitis in women. JAMA; 273(1):41-45. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.273.1.41

López P., Martínez E., Caicedo Y. (2006), Antimicrobianos Guía práctica - Manual para uso de antibióticos. 2ª Edición. ACIN capitulo suroccidente. Cali, Colombia. Catorse SCS. 134 pp.

Lammers RL, Gibson S, Kovacs D, Sears W, Strachan G. (2001), Comparison of Test Characteristics of Urine Dipstick and Urinalysis at Various Test Cutoff Points. Annals of Emergency Medicine; 38: 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1067/mem.2001.119427

Neal D. Complicated urinary tract infections. Urol Clin N Am 2008; 35:13-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.010

Nicolle L., Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Urol Clin N Am 2008; 35:1-12.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004

Schaeffer A., Schaeffer E.(2007), "Chapter 8 - Infections of the urinary tract", in: Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia. Elsevier.

Semeniuk H, Church D. (1999), Evaluation of the leukocyte esterase and nitrite urine dipstick screening tests for detection of bacteriuria in women with suspected uncomplicated urinary tract infections. J Clin Microbiol; 37:3051-3052. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.37.9.3051-3052.1999

Vogel T, Verreault R, Gourdeau M, Morin M, Grenier-Gosselin L, Rochette L. (2004), Optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract in-fection in older women: a double-blind randomized trial. CMAJ; 170(4):469-473.

Wagenlehner FME., Weidner W., Naber KG. (2008), Antibiotics in Urology - New essentials. Urol Clin N. Am; 35:69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.002

Wells WG, Woods GL, Jiang Q, Gesser RM. (2004), Treatment of complicated urinary tract infection in adults: combined analysis of two randomized, doubleblind, multicentre trials comparing ertapenem and ceftriaxone followed by an appropriate oral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother; 53 Suppl 2:ii67-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh208

Wiwanitkit V, Udomsantisuk N, Boonchalermvichian C. (2005), Diagnostic value and cost utility analysis for urine Gram stain and urine microscopic examination as screening tests for urinary tract infection. Urol Res; 33(3):220-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-004-0457-z

CAPÍTULO 10. INCONTINENCIA URINARIA FEMENINA:

Abrams P, Cardozo l, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U. et al. (2002), Standardisation Sub-committee of the International continence Society. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Subcommittee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn; 21(2):167-178. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10052

Albo ME, Richter HE, Brubaker L, Norton P, Kraus SR, Zimmern PE, et al. (2007), Urinary Incontinence treatment network. Urinary Incontinence treatment network. Burch colposuspension versus fascial sling to reduce urinary stress in-continence. N Engl J Med; 356(21):2143-2155. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070416

Andonian S, Chen T, St-Denis B, Corcos J. (2005), Randomized clinical trial comparing suprapubic arch sling (SpArc) and tension-free vaginal tape (tVt): one-year results. Eur Urol; 47(4):537-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2004.12.023

Bezerra CA, Bruschini H, Cody DJ (2005), Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev; (3):cd001754. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001754.pub2

Dean NM, Herbison P, Ellis G, Wilson D. (2006), Laparoscopic colposuspension and tension-free vaginal tape: a systematic review. BJOG; 113(12):1345-1353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01101.x

Dylewski DA, Jamison MG, Borawski KM, Sherman ND, Amundsen CL. (2007), Webster GD. A statistical comparison of pad numbers versus pad weights in the quantification of urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn; 26(1):3-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20352

García H.A. López H., Carbonell J., Castillo D. (2010), Impacto de la incontinencia urinaria sobre la salud sexual femenina. Urología Colombiana; 19(3):59-67.

Lapitan MC, Cody DJ, Grant AM. (2005), Open retropubic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev; (3):cd002912. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002912.pub2

Pastor Navarro H, Virseda Rodríguez JA. (2008), Calidad de vida en las pacientes con incontinencia urinaria. Actas Urol Esp.; 32(2):202-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0210-4806(08)73814-2

Novara G, Galfano A, Secco S, d'Elia C, Cavalleri S, Ficarra V, Artibani WA. (2008), Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with antimuscarinic drugs for overactive bladder. Eur Urol; 54(4):740-763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2008.06.080

Palma P, Riccetto C, Hernández M, Olivares JM. (2008), Prolapsos urogenitales: Revisión de conceptos. Actas Urol Esp.; 32(6):618-623.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0210-4806(08)73897-X

Palma P., Dávila H. (2006), Uroginecología. Primera edición. Venezuela. Imprenta Negrín Central. 249 p.

Petros P, Woodman P. (2008), The Integral Theory of continence. Int UrogynecolJ.; 19:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-007-0475-9

Porena M, Costantini E, Frea B, Giannantoni A, Ranzoni S, Mearini L, Bini V, Kocjancic E. (2007), Tension-free vaginal tape versus transobturator tape as surgery for stress urinary incontinence: results of a multicentre randomised trial.Eur Urol; 52(5):1481-1490.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2007.04.059

Ricci Arriola P, Solà Dalenz V, Pardo Schanz J. (2008), Incontinencia urinaria oculta evidenciada por estudio urodinámico preoperatorio en pacientes con prolapso genital severo. Actas Urol Esp.; 32(8):827-832. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0210-4806(08)73942-1

Rosa R. (2004), Sling transobturatriz vaginal (TOT). Revista Peruana de Urología; 14:120-123.

Rodas MC., García H.A. (2010), Una aproximación a la terapia de piso pélvico en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria femenina en la ciudad de Cali. Urología colombiana; 19(3):49-57.

Schröder A., Abrams (Co-Chairman) P., Andersson K-E, Artibani W., Chapple C.R., Drake M.J. et al. (2010), Guidelines on urinary incontinence. European Association of Urology.

Shaikh S, Ong EK, Glavind K, Cook J, N'Dow JM. (2006), Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 19; (2):cd001756. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001756.pub3

Wallner C, Dabhoiwala N., DeRuiter M., Lamers W. (2009), The Anatomical Components of Urinary Continence. European Urology; 55: 932-944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2008.08.032

Ward KL, Hilton P, UK and Ireland TVT Trial Group (2008), Tension-free vaginal tape versus colposuspension for primary urodynamic stress incontinence: 5-year follow up. BJOG; 115(2):226-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01548.x

Zullo MA, Plotti F, Calcagno M, Marullo E, Palaia I, Bellati F, Basile S, Muzii L, Angioli R, Panici PB. (2007), One-year follow-up of tension-free vaginal tape (tVt) and trans-obturator suburethral tape from inside to outside (tVt-o) for surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a prospective randomised trial. Eur Urol; 51(5):1376-1382; discussion 1383-1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2006.10.066

CAPÍTULO 11. SÍNDROME DE VEJIGA DOLOROSA/CISTITIS INTERSTICIAL:

Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U. et al. (2002), Standardisation Subcommittee of the International Continence Society. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn; 21(2):167-178. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.10052

Al-Hadithi HN, Williams H, Hart CA, Frazer M, Adams EJ, Richmond DH. et al. (2005), Absence of bacterial and viral DNA in bladder biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol; 174(1):151-154. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000161605.14804.a9

Baykal K, Senkul T, Sen B, Karademir K, Adayener C, Erden D. (2005), Intravesical heparin and peripheral neuromodulation on interstitial cystitis. Urol Int; 74(4):361-364. https://doi.org/10.1159/000084439

Ehren I, Hosseini A, Lundberg JO, Wiklund NP (1999), Nitric oxide: a useful gas in the detection of lower urinary tract inflammation. J Urol; 162(2):327-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)68551-5

Gupta SK, Pidcock L, Parr NJ (2005), The potassium sensitivity test: a predictor of treatment response in interstitial cystitis. BJU Int; 96(7):1063-1066. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05776.x

Hanno PM, Landis JR, Matthews-Cook Y, Kusek J, Nyberg L Jr. (1999), The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis revisited: lessons learned from the National Institutes of Health Interstitial Cystitis Database study. J Urol; 161(2):553-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)61948-7

Hwang P, Auclair B, Beechinor D, Diment M, Einarson TR (1997), Efficacy of pentosan polysulfate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a metaanalysis. Urology; 50(1):39-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00110-6

Kallestrup EB, Jorgensen SS, Nordling J, Hald T. (2005), Treatment of interstitial cystitis with Cystistat: a hyaluronic acid product. Scand J Urol Nephrol; 39(2):143-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365590410015876-1

Logadottir YR, Ehren I, Fall M, Wiklund NP, Peeker R, Hanno PM (2004), Intravesical nitric oxide production discriminates between classic and nonulcer interstitial cystitis. J Urol; 171(3):1148-1150. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000110501.96416.40

Lokeshwar VB, Selzer MG, Cerwinka WH, Gomez MF, Kester RR, Bejany DE, et al. (2005), Urinaryuronate and sulfated glycosaminoglycan levels: markers for interstitial cystitis severity. J Urol; 174(1):344-349. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000161599.69942.2e

Mayer R, Propert KJ, Peters KM, Payne CK, Zhang Y, Burks D. et al. (2005), Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Trials Group. A randomized controlled trial of intravesical bacillus calmetteguerin for treatment refractory interstitial cystitis. J Urol; 173(4):1186-1191. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000152337.82806.e8

Nickel JC, Barkin J, Forrest J, Mosbaugh PG, Hernandez-Graulau J, Kau-fman D. et al. (2005), Elmiron Study Group. Randomized, double-blind, doseranging study of pentosan polysulfate sodium for interstitial cystitis. Urology; 65(4):654-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.10.071

Nordling J, Anjum FH, Bade JJ, Bouchelouche K, Bouchelouche P, Cervigni M, et al. (2004), Primary evaluation of patients suspected of having interstitial cystitis (IC). Eur Urol; 45(5):662-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2003.11.021

Ochs RL. (1997), Autoantibodies and interstitial cystitis. Clin Lab Med; 17(3):571-579.Ottem DP, Teichman JM. (2005), What is the value of cystoscopy with hydro-distension for interstitial cystitis? Urology; 66(3):494-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2005.04.011

Peeker R, Haghsheno MA, Holmang S, Fall M. (2000), Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin and dimethyl sulfoxide for treatment of classic and nonul-cer interstitial cystitis: a prospective, randomized double blind study. J Urol; 164(6):1912-1915. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66916-9

Propert KJ, Mayer R, Nickel JC, Payne CK, Peters KM, Teal V, et al. (2007), Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Trials Group. Did patients with interstitial cystitis who failed to respond to initial treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guerin or placebo in a randomized clinical trial benefit from a second course of open label bacillus Calmette-Guerin? J Urol; 178(3 Pt 1):886-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.052

Parsons CL (2005), Successful downregulation of bladder sensory nerves with combination of heparin and alkalinized lidocaine in patients with interstitial cystitis. Urology; 65 (1):45-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.08.056

Peeker R, Fall M. (2002), Toward a precise definition of interstitial cystitis: further evidence of differences in classic and nonulcer disease. J Urol; 167(6): 2470-2472 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65006-9

Rössberger J, Fall M, Peeker R. (2005), Critical appraisal of dimethyl sulfoxide treatment for interstitial cystitis: discomfort, side-effects and treatment outcome. Scand J Urol Nephrol; 39(1):73-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365590410018738

Sairanen J, Tammela TL, Leppilahti M, Multanen M, Paananen I, Lehtoranta K et al (2005), Cyclosporine A and pentosan polysulfate sodium for the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a randomized comparative study. J Urol; 174(6):2235-2238.

https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000181808.45786.84

Sairanen J, Forsell T, Ruutu M. (2004), Longterm outcome of patients with interstitial cystitis treated with low dose cyclosporine A. J Urol; 171(6 Pt 1):2138-2141. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000125139.91203.7a

Sorensen RB. (2003), Chondroitin sulphate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis and chronic inflammatory disease of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol; Su-ppl 2:16-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1569-9056(03)00036-8

Steinhoff G (2003), The efficacy of chondroitin sulfate in treating interstitial cystitis. Eur Urol; suppl 2:14-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1569-9056(03)00035-6

Sant GR, Propert KJ, Hanno PM, Burks D, Culkin D, Diokno AC, et al. (2003), Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Trials Group. A pilot clinical trial of oral pentosan polysulfate and oral hydroxyzine in patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol; 170(3):810-815. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000083020.06212.3d

Twiss CO, Kilpatrick L, Triaca V, Arboleda V, Craske M, Ibrahimovic H, et al. (2007), Evidence for central hyperexitability in patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol; 177(4):49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)30392-6

Van Ophoven A, Pokupic S, Heinecke A, Hertle L. (2004), A prospective, randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind study of amitriptyline for the treatment of interstitial cystitis. J Urol; 172(2):533-536. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000132388.54703.4d

Van de Merwe JP, Nordling J, Bouchelouche P, Bouchelouche K, Cervigni M, Daha LK, et al. (2008), Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: an ESSIC poposal. Eur Urol; 53(1):60-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2007.09.019

CAPÍTULO 12. ENFOQUE CLÍNICO DE LA INFERTILIDAD:

Andersson AM, Jorgensen N, Frydelund-Larsen L, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE. Impaired Leydig cell function in infertile men: a study of 357 idiopathic infertile men and 318 proven fertile controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(7):3161-3167.

https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031786

Colpi GM, Piediferro G, Nerva F, Giacchetta D, Colpi EM, Piatti E. Sperm retrieval for intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection in non-obstructive azoospermia. Minerva Urol Nefrol 2005(2); 57:99-107.

Clementini E, Palka C, Iezzi I, Stuppia L, Guanciali-Franchi P, Tiboni GM. Prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in 2078 inferitle couples referred for assisted reproduction technologies. Hum Reprod 2005; 20(2):437-442. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh626

Dohle GR, Jungwirth A, Colpi G, Giwercman A, Diemer T, Hargreave TB. Guidelines on male infertility. European Association of Urology, 2008.

Evers JL, Collins JA. Assessment of efficacy of varicocele repair for male subfertility: a systematic review. Lancet 2003; 361(9372):1849-1852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13503-9

Ficarra V, Cerruto MA, Liguori G, Mazzoni G, Minucci S, Tracia A. et al. Treatment of varicocele in subfertile men: The Cochrane review - a contrary opinion. European Urology, 2006; 49(2): 258-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2005.11.023

Ghanem M, Bakr NI, Elgayaar MA, El Mongy S, Fathy H, Ibrahim AH. Comparison of the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in obstructive and non- obstructive azoospermia in the first cycle: a report of case series and meta-analysis. Int J Androl. 2005; 28(1):16-21.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00491.x

Griffin DK, Finch KA. The genetic and cytogenetic basis of male infertility. Human Fertil 2005; 8(1);19-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14647270400016407

Hopps CV, Mielnik A, Goldstein M, Palermo GD, Rosenwaks Z, Schlegel PN. Detection of sperm in men with Y chromosome microdeletions of the AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc regions. Hum Reprod 2003; 18(8):1660-1665. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg348

Kim ED, Gilbaugh JH 3rd, Patel VR, Turek PJ, Lipshultz LI. Testis biopsies frequently demonstrate sperm in men with azoospermia and significantly elevated follicle-stimulating hormone levels. J Urol 1997; 157(1):144-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65308-4

McVicar CM, O'Neill DA, McClure N, Clements B, McCullough S, Lewis SEM. Effects of vasectomy on spermatogenesis and fertility outcome after testicular sperm extraction combined with ICSI. Hum Reprod 2005; 20(10): 2795-2800. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei138

Rowe T. Fertility and a woman's age. J Reprod Med 2006; 51(3):157-163.

Schroeder-Printzen I, Ludwig M, Kohn F, Weidner W. Surgical therapy in infertile men with ejaculatory duct obstruction: technique and outcome of a standardized surgical approach. Hum Reprod 2000; 15(6):1364-1368. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/15.6.1364

Silber SJ, Grotjan HE. Microscopic vasectomy reversal 30 years later: a summary of 4010 cases by the same surgeon. J Androl 2004; 25(6):845-859. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb03150.x

Van Peperstraten A, Proctor ML, Johnson NP, Philipson G. Techniques for surgical retrieval of sperm prior to ICSI for azoospermia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 Jul 19; 3:CD002807. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002807.pub2

Vernaeve V, Verheyen G, Goossens A, Van Steirteghem A, Devroey P, Tour-naye H. How successful is repeat testicular sperm extraction in patients with azoospermia? Hum Reprod 2006; 21(6):1551-1554. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/del012

Vernaeve V, Tournaye H, Osmanagaoglu K, Verheyen G, Van Steirteghem A, Devroey P. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection with testicular spermatozoa is less successful in men with nonobstructive azoospermia than in men with obstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2003; 79(3):529-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(02)04809-4

World Health Organization. WHO Manual for the Standardised Investigation and Diagnosis of the Infertile Couple. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Yamamoto M, Hibi H, Hirata Y, Miyake K, Ishigaki T. Effect of varicocelectomy on sperm parameters and pregnancy rates in patients with subclinical varicocele: a randomized prospective controlled study. J Urol 1996; 155(5):1636-1638. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66149-4

CAPÍTULO 13. UROLOGÍA PEDIÁTRICA:

Belman AB. (1997), Vesicoureteral reflux. Pediat Clin North Am; 44:1171. Berkowitz GS, Lipinski RH, Dolgin SE, Gazella JG, Bodian CA, Holzman IR. (1993), Prevalence and natural history of cryptorchidism. Pediatrics; 92(1):44-49. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.1.44

Castiñeiras J, Carballido J, Franco de Castro A, Gausa L, Robles J, Sánchez M. y col. (2007), Libro del residente de Urología, Asociación Española de Urología. Gráficas Marte, Madrid.

Elder JS, Peters CA, Arant BS Jr, Ewalt DH, Hawtrey CE, Hurwitz RS, et al. (1997), Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines Panel summary re-port on the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol; 157(5):1846-1851. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64882-1

Elder JS (2000), Guidelines for consideration for surgical repair of vesicoureteral reflux. Curr Opin Urol; 10(6):579-585. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042307-200011000-00008

Elder JS, Diaz M, Caldamone AA, Cendron M, Greenfield S, Hurwitz R. et al. (2006), Endoscopic therapy for vesicoureteral reflux: a meta-analysis. I. Reflux resolution and urinary tract infection. J Urol; 175(2):716-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00210-7

Elmore JM, Baker LA, Snodgrass WT. (2002), Topical steroid therapy as an alternative to circumcision for phimosis in boys younger than 3 years. J Urol; 168(4 Pt 2):1746-1747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64404-7

Garin EH, Olavaría F, García Nieto V, Valenciano B, Campos A, Young L (2006), Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics; 117:626-632.

https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1362

Hiraoka M, Tsukahara H, Ohshima Y, Mayumi M. (2002), Meatus tightly covered by the prepuce is associated with urinary tract infection. Pediatr Int; 44(6):658-662. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-200X.2002.01633.x

Pettersson A, Richiardi L, Nordenskjold A, Kaijser M, Akre O. (2007), Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk of testicular cancer. N Engl J Med; 356(18):1835-1841. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa067588

Sheldon CA, Minevich E, Wacksman J (2002), "Infección de vías urinarias y reflujo vesicoureteral", en: Ashcraft KW, Murphy JP, Sharp RJ, Sigalet DL, Snyder CL. (eds.) Cirugía pediátrica. 3ª ed. México: McGraw-Hill; pp. 744-763.

Schwentner C, Oswald J, Kreczy A, Lunacek A, Bartsch G, Deibl M. et al. (2005), Neoadjuvant gonadotropinreleasing hormone therapy before surgery may improve the fertility index in undescended testes: a prospective randomized trial. J Urol; 173(3):974-977.

https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000153562.07287.77

Skoog SJ (1997), Benign and malignant pediatric scrotal masses. Pediatr Clin North Am; 44(5):1229-1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70555-1

Tekgül S, Riedmiller H, Gerharz E, Hoebeke P, Kocvara R, Nijman R, et al. (2008), Guidelines on pediatric urology. European Association of Urology.

Walsh TJ, Dall'Era MA, Croughan MS, Carroll PR, Turek PJ. (2007), Prepubertal orchiopexy for cryptorchidism may be associated with a lower risk of testicular cancer. J Urol; 178(4 Pt 1):1440-1446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.166

Weiss R, Duckett J, Spitzer A. (1992), Results of a randomized clinical trial of medical versus surgical management of infants and children with grades III and IV primary vesicoureteral reflux (United States). The International Reflux Study in Children. J Urol; 148:1667.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)36998-7

Wheeler D, Vimalachandra D, Hodson EM, Roy LP, Smith G, Craig JC (2004), Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.; (3):CD001532. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001532.pub2

Wiswell TE (2000), The prepuce, urinary tract infections, and the consequences. Pediatrics; 105(4 Pt 1): 860-862. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.4.860

CAPÍTULO 14. UROLOGÍA ONCOLÓGICA:

Albers P, Siener R, Kliesch S, Weissbach L, Krege S, Sparwasser C. et al. (2003), German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Risk factors for relapse in clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumours: results of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group Trial. J Clin Oncol; 21(8):1505-1512. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.07.169

Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, Bokemeyer C, Cohn-Cedermark G, Horwich A. et al. (2008), Guidelines on testicular cancer. European Association of Urology.

Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL, Buys SS, Chia D., Church TR. et al. (2009), Mortality Results from a Randomized Prostate-Cancer Screening Trial. N Engl J Med; 360:1310-1319. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810696

Andriole GL, Bostwick DG, Brawley OW, Gomella LG, Marberger M, Montorsi F., et al. (2010), Effect of Dutasteride on the Risk of Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med; 362:1192-1202. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0908127

Babjuk M., Oosterlinck W., Sylvester R., Kaasinen E., Böhle A., Palou J. (2008), Guidelines on TaT1 (non-muscle invasive) bladder cancer. European Association of Urology.

Bolla M, Van Poppel H, Collette L, Van Cangh P, Vekemans K, Da Pozzo L, et al. (2009), Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Lancet. 2005 Aug 13-19; 366(9485):572-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67101-2

Bolla M. Gonzalez D., Warde P., Dubois JB., Mirimanoff RO., Storme G. et al. Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin. NEJM; 337(5):295-300. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199707313370502

Bratt O. (2002), Hereditary prostate cancer: clinical aspects. J Urol; 168(3):906-913. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64541-7

Bjerregaard BK, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Sørensen M, Frederiksen K, Christensen J, Tjønneland A. et al. (2006), Tobacco smoke and bladder cancer-in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer; 119(10):2412-2416. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22169

Böhle A, Bock PR (2004), Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression. Urology; 63(4):682-687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2003.11.049

Campbell S., Novick A., Bukowski R. (2007), "Chapter 47 - Renal Tumors", in: Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia. Elsevier.

Carroll P, Albertsen P., Greene K., Babaian R., Carter HB., Gann P. (2009), Prostate Specific Antigen Best Practice Statement: 2009 update. American Urological Association.

Desai MM, Strzempkowski B, Matin SF, Steinberg AP, Ng C, Meraney AM. et al. (2005), Prospective randomized comparison of transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol; 173(1):38-41. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000145886.26719.73

Dillner J, Meijer CJ, von Krogh G, Horenblas S. (2000), Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 20(5):194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365590050509922

Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, Szczylik C, Oudard S, Siebels M, et al. (2007), TARGET Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med; 356(2):125-134. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa060655

Etminan M, Takkouche B, Caamano-Isorna F (2004), The role of tomato products and lycopenes in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 13(3):340-345. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.340.13.3

Ficara V, Maffei N, Piacentine I, Al Rabi N, Cerruto MA, Artibani W (2002), Local treatment of penile squamous cell carcinoma. Urol Int; 69(3):169-173. https://doi.org/10.1159/000063950

Ficarra V, Martignoni G, Maffei N, Cerruto MA, Novara G, Cavalleri S, Artibani W. (2002), Predictive pathological factors of lymph nodes involvement in the squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Int Urol Nephrol; 34(2):245-250.

Garcia HA, Varela R. (2010), Validez diagnóstica del antígeno prostático específico para la presencia de metástasis en pacientes con cáncer de próstata. Urol. Colomb.; 19(3):13-18.

Groll RJ, Warde P, Jewett MA (2007), A comprehensive systematic review of testicular germ cell tumor surveillance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol; 64(3):182-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.04.014

Heidenreich A, Aus G, Abbou CC, Bolla M, Joniau S, Matveev V. et al. (2008), Guidelines on prostate cancer. European Association of Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2007.09.002

Huyghe E, Matsuda T, Thonneau P. (2003), Increasing incidence of testicular cancer worldwide: a review. J Urol; 170(1):5-11.

https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000053866.68623.da

Jones JS, Campbell SC. (2007), "Chapter 76 - Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and CIS)", in: Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters. Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia. Elsevier.

Heidenreich A, Ravery V. (2004), European Society of Oncological Urology. Preoperative imaging in renal cell cancer. World J Urol; 22(5):307-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-004-0411-2

Kolonel LN, Altshuler D, Henderson BE (2004), The multiethnic cohort study: exploring genes, lifestyle and cancer risk. Nat Rev Cancer; 4(7):519-527. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1389

Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R (2004), Non-invasive urothelial neoplasms: according to the most recent WHO classification. Eur Urol; 46(2):170-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2004.03.017

Ljungberg B., Hanbury D.C., Kuczyk M.A., Merseburger A.S., Mulders P.F.A., Patard J-J. et al. (2008), Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma. European Association of Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2007.03.035

Lundstam S, Jonsson O, Lyrdal D, Peeker R, Pettersson S (2003), Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma-long-term results. Scand J Urol Nephrol; 37(4):299-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365590310001647

Lont AP, Horenblas S, Tanis PJ, Gallee MP, Van Tinteren H, Nieweg OE (2003), Management of clinically node negative penile carcinoma: improved survival after the introduction of dynamic sentinel node biopsy. J Urol; 170(3):783-786. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000081201.40365.75

Mobilio G, Ficarra V (2001), Genital treatment of penile carcinoma. Curr Opin Urol; 11(3):299-304. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042307-200105000-00010

Maffezzini M, Seveso M, Taverna G, Giusti G, Benetti A, Graziotti P. (2003), Evaluation of complications and results in a contemporary series of 300 consecutive radical retropubic prostatectomies with the anatomic approach at a single institution. Urology; 61(5):982-986.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02517-7

Moller H, Prener A, Skakkebaek NE. (1996), Testicular cancer, cryptorchidism, inguinal hernia, testicular atrophy and genital malformations: case-control studies in Denmark. Cancer Causes Control; 7(2):264-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051302

Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, Michaelson MD, Bukowski RM, Rixe O. et al. (2007), Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med; 356(2):115-124. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa065044

Oliver RT, Mason MD, Mead GM, von der Maase H, Rustin GJ, Joffe JK, et al. (2005), MRC TE19 collaborators and the EORTC 30982 collaborators. Radiotherapy versus single-dose carboplatin in adjuvant treatment of stage I seminoma: a randomized trial. Lancet; 23-29; 366(9482):293-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66984-X

Patard JJ, Leray E, Rioux-Leclercq N, Cindolo L, Ficarra V, Zisman A, et al. (2005), Prognostic value of histological subtypes in renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter experience. J Clin Oncol; 23(12):2763-2771. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.07.055

Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, Witjes A, Bouffioux C, Denis L, et al. (2006), Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage TaT1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol; 49(3):466-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.031

Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol FJ, Tammela T, Ciatto S, Nelen V., et al. (2009), Screening and Prostate-Cancer Mortality in a Randomized European Study. N Engl J Med; 360:1320-1328. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810084

Shelley MD, Burgon K, Mason MD. (2002), Treatment of testicular germcell cancer: a cochrane evidence-based systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev; 28(5):237-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7372(02)00059-2

Solsona E., Algaba F., Horenblas S., Pizzocaro G., Windahl T. (2008), Guide-lines on penile cancer. European Association of Urology.

Spermon JR, Kiemeney LA, Meuleman EJ, Ramos L, Wetzels AM, Witjes JA (2003), Fertility in men with testicular germ cell tumours. Fertil Steril; 79(Suppl 3):1543-1549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00335-2

Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Lamm DL (2002), Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol; 168(5):1964-1970.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64273-5

Spermon JR, Roeleveld TA, van der Poel HG, Hulsbergenvan de Kaa CA, Ten Bokkel-Huinink WW, van de Vijver M, et al. (2002), Comparison of surveillance and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumours. Urology; 59(6):923-929. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01528-5

Stenzl A, Cowan NC, De Santis M, Jakse G, Kuczyk M, Merseburger AS, et al. (2008), Guideline on bladder cancer (muscle invasive and metastatic). European Association of Urology.

Thompson RH, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Webster WS, Lohse CM, Kwon ED, et al. (2005), Is renal sinus fat invasion the same as perinephric fat invasion for pT3a renal cell carcinoma? J Urol; 174(4 Pt 1):1218-1221. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000173942.19990.40

Uzzo RG, Novick AC (2001), Nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumors: indications, techniques and outcomes. J Urol; 166(1):6-18.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66066-1

Van Poppel H, Vekemans K, Da Pozzo L, Bono A, Kliment J, Montironi R, Debois M, Collette L. (2006), Radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer: results of a feasibility study (EORTC 30001). Eur J Cancer; 42(8):1062-1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2005.11.030

Warde P, Specht L, Horwich A, Oliver T, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz M, von der Maase H (2002), Prognostic factors for relapse in stage I seminoma managed by surveillance: a pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol; 20(22):4448-4452. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2002.01.038

Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, Hwu P, Schwartzentruber DJ, Topalian SL. et al. (2003), A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med; 349(5):427-434. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021491

Zeegers MP, Tan FE, Dorant E, van den Brandt PA (2000), The impact of characteristics of cigarette smoking on urinary tract cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Cancer; 89(3):630-639. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20000801)89:3<630::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-Q

CAPÍTULO 15. TRAUMA GENITOURINARIO:

Alsikafi N., Rosenstein D. (2006), Staging, evaluation and nonoperative management of renal injuries. Urol Clin N Am; 33:13-19.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2005.10.002

Corriere J., Sandler C. (2006), Diagnosis and management of bladder injuries. Urol Clin N Am; 33:67-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2005.10.003

Davis KA, Reed RL 2nd, Santaniello J, Abodeely A, Esposito TJ, Poulakidas SJ, Luchette FA (2006), Predictors of the need for nephrectomy after renal trauma. J Trauma; 60(1):164-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000199924.39736.36

Djakovic N., Plas E., Martinez Piñeiro L., Lynch Th., Mor Y., Santucci RA. et al. (2010), Guidelines on urological trauma. European Association of Urology. Elliot S, McAninch J. (2006), Ureteral injuries: External and iatrogenic. Urol Clin N Am; 33:55-66.

García HA, Urrea MF, Serna A, Aluma LJ. (2009), Experiencia clínica en el manejo del traumatismo renal en el Hospital Universitario del Valle (Cali, Colombia). Actas Urol Esp.; 33(8):881-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0210-4806(09)72876-1

Gómez RG, Ceballos L, Coburn M, Corriere JN, Dixon CM, Lobel B. et al. (2004), Consensus statement on bladder injuries. BJU Int; 94:29.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04896.x

Jankowski J, Spirnak P. (2006), Current recomendations for imaging in the management of urologic traumas. Urol Clin N Am; 33:365-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2006.04.004

Master V, McAninch J. (2006), Operative management of renal injuries: parenchymal and vascular. Urol Clin N Am; 33:21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2005.11.006

Martinez Piñeiro L., Djakovic N., Plas E., Santucci R., Serafetinidis E., Turkeri R. et al. (2010), EAU guidelines on urethral trauma. European Urology; 57:791-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2010.01.013

Morey A, Iverson A, Swan A. (2001), Bladder rupture after blunt trauma: guidelines for diagnostic imaging. J Trauma; 51(4):683-686.

https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200110000-00010

Rosenstein D, Alsikafi N. (2006), Diagnosis and classification of urethral injuries. Urol Clin N Am 33, pp. 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2005.11.004

Santucci RA, Fisher MB (2005), The literature increasingly supports expectant (conservative) management of renal trauma - a systematic review. J Trauma; 59(2):493-503. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000179956.55078.c0

Schneider RE (1993), Genitourinary trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am; 11(1):137-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8627(20)30663-5

Wessells H, Long L. Penile and genital injuries. Urol Clin N Am 2006; 33:117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2005.11.003